Cuckolding 101: What a Cuckold Is and How Couples Explore It

In today's kink, a cuckold is someone (traditionally a husband) who gets turned on when their partner has sex with someone else, often called the bull, whether they watch it live or hear every detail later. The female version is a cuckquean: a woman who gets off on her partner sleeping with someone else. Either way, everyone says yes, the bull included, and that's what separates cuckolding from cheating.

The heat lives in what couples rarely say out loud: watching someone else make your partner moan, hearing the story afterward in slow, filthy detail, and the jealous sting that flips into want.

What’s in this guide

• What is a cuckold?
• From insult to kink: the evolution of the word cuckold
• Why cuckolding turns people on
• Cuckold vs hotwife vs stag and vixen
• How a cuckold relationship evolves, step by step
• Talk first: consent, ground rules and the bull
• Humiliation, power and chastity, if you want them
• Jealousy, compersion and aftercare
• Safer sex when your partner sleeps with someone else
• Toys and gear for cuckold play
• Cuckold FAQ
• The takeaway

What is a cuckold?

A cuckold gets aroused when their partner has sex with someone else, with everyone's full, enthusiastic agreement. That's the modern cuckold meaning. For centuries the word meant something uglier: a husband whose wife cheated behind his back. Today's cuckolding keeps the taboo thrill and throws out the lying.

Cuckolds can be any gender or orientation, and gay couples play too: the only peer-reviewed study devoted to cuckolding fantasies was about gay men. Some want a front-row seat, a chair in the corner or the edge of the bed. Others wait at home, and the telling is the turn-on.

Cuckold, cuckquean, bull: the vocabulary

Term	What it means	Good to know
Cuckold	Someone aroused by their partner having sex with someone else	Any gender; once meant a man whose wife cheated
Cuck	Short for cuckold	Fond in bed, an insult online (history)
Cuckquean	The female version of a cuckold	The practice is cuckqueaning
Cuckoldress	The partner who plays and leads the scene	Sometimes runs the whole show
Bull	The third person	Any gender; their yes counts too
Hotwife or vixen	A woman who sleeps with others with her partner's blessing	Usually pride, not humiliation
Stag	The vixen's partner	Proud, not humiliated
Wittol	An old word for a husband aware of his wife's affairs who tolerates them	Noted by Merriam-Webster
Reverse cuckold	Loose slang, usually the roles flipped: he plays, she watches	No dictionary entry
Troilism	A clinical-sounding name for it	Used in the 2018 study
Candaulism	Getting off on showing your partner off	Can be a first step

What cuckolding is not

• Not cheating. The deceived husband is the word's old meaning: history, not a model.
• Not pressure. If anyone's being talked or guilted into it, stop.
• Not a repair kit. It runs on trust you already have.
• Not a verdict on anyone's body. It's about desire, not a ranking.

From insult to kink: the evolution of the word cuckold

Cuckold started life as an insult. Merriam-Webster traces the word to the 13th century, from Middle English cokewold. The Online Etymology Dictionary links it to Old French cocu, meaning cuckoo, the bird known for leaving its eggs in other birds' nests.

Cuckquean, a wife with a straying husband, has been in print since the 1500s, and Merriam-Webster describes wittol as a man who's aware of his wife's infidelity and puts up with it. The short form cuck grew up in online erotica, and by 2017, the Online Etymology Dictionary notes, it had become a political insult.

In biology, "cuckoldry" means a male raising offspring he didn't father, and among humans it's much rarer than legend has it: Flemish and Dutch studies pairing DNA with family trees put it at about 1% per generation across the last 400 to 500 years (Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2016; American Journal of Human Biology, 2017). The "sperm competition" explanation you may see is an evolutionary theory nobody has tested in cuckold couples.

Modern cuckolding flips the old story: the husband may be the one who asked. How the relationship evolves is step by step below.

Why cuckolding turns people on

Often several at once:

• Watching. Seeing your partner wanted and fucked by someone else, from an angle you never get in bed: voyeurism with the stakes turned up.
• Being watched. The partner who plays can get off on performing for the one they love (exhibitionism). In the survey below, straight women were more likely to have fantasized about being watched (40%) than watching (26%).
• Compersion. A turned-on glow at your partner's pleasure, even when you're not giving it.
• Jealousy as heat. The sting goes straight between the legs: someone else wants them, and they still come home to you.
• Taboo. It breaks one of the oldest rules a couple has. That's the point.
• Surrender. Being told to sit, watch and wait, especially by a dominant partner.
• Group-sex curiosity. In the 2018 study below, frequent cuckolding fantasies went with interest in voyeurism and group sex.

How common is the cuckold fantasy?

The most detailed numbers come from sex researcher Justin Lehmiller, who asked 4,175 Americans about their fantasies while researching Tell Me What You Want. Two kinds of cuckolding fantasy were on the list:

Ever fantasized about	Straight women	Women who aren't straight	Straight men	Men who aren't straight	Nonbinary people
Watching a partner have sex with another person	26%	42%	52%	66%	45%
Being watched by a partner during sex with another person	40%	58%	50%	55%	48%

Source: Tell Me What You Want (2018), Justin Lehmiller's survey of 4,175 Americans; figures from his 2020 blog post. Not peer-reviewed.

Those are "ever fantasized" figures. Fewer people think about it often: 24% of straight men often fantasize about watching versus 12% about being watched, and 29% versus 14% of non-straight men. It's a big online survey rather than a representative sample, and it was never peer-reviewed, but nobody has a more detailed picture.

Only one peer-reviewed study has zeroed in on cuckolding fantasies: a 2018 survey of 580 men, most of them gay (Archives of Sexual Behavior), whose fantasies had a lot in common with what earlier research found in straight men. Beyond that, research on cuckolding itself is thin.

Is it normal?

By the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 standard, an unusual sexual interest alone doesn't count as a mental disorder. That label only applies when it causes you real distress, disrupts your life, or involves people who didn't consent. The DSM doesn't name cuckolding at all.

Cuckold vs hotwife vs stag and vixen

People mix these labels, but each one feels different:

Setup	Who has sex with someone else	Their partner	Humiliation?	Vibe
Cuckolding	The cuckold's partner	Watches or hears it later	Optional	The cuckold's thrill, often surrender or denial
Cuckqueaning	A woman's partner	She watches or hears it later	Optional	The same thrill, for women
Hotwifing	The wife or girlfriend	Cheers her on	Usually not	Her freedom, her partner's pride
Stag and vixen	The vixen	The stag watches or hears it later	Usually not	Pride and possession
Swinging	Both partners	Plays too	No	Mutual and social
Open relationship	Either or both	Often not involved	No	Independence
Cheating	One partner, in secret	Doesn't know	Not a kink	A broken promise

A hotwife's story centers on her pleasure and her partner's pride, while a cuckold's centers on the cuckold's own thrill, which can include jealousy, surrender or denial. For the hotwife side, read our hotwife guide.

How a cuckold relationship evolves, step by step

Nobody should go from "I have a fantasy" to "there's a bull in our bed" in one weekend. A cuckold relationship evolves best as a ladder: climb a rung, check in, decide together. You can stop on any rung for good.

1. Say it out loud, outside the bedroom. Over coffee, not mid-thrust.
2. Make it dirty talk. "Tell me what you'd let him do." Dirty talk is the easiest test drive there is.
3. Trade stories and sexts about a made-up bull.
4. Flirt where they can see. At a bar, the partner who plays flirts while the cuckold watches. Keep it kind to the other person, and go home together.
5. A solo date with a full report. Dinner, a kiss, maybe more, exactly as agreed, with someone who's in on it.
6. Meet a possible bull for drinks, no sex. All three of you, in public, and anyone can say no.
7. The first time. The partner who plays has sex with the bull while the cuckold waits next door, listens, or stays home for the story.
8. Watching, then joining. The cuckold watches from a chair while the bull fucks their partner, and joins in only if all three want it.

After every rung: check in the next day. What was hot, what stung, what would you change? Then repeat, climb or step down.

Your first time with a bull, step by step

1. Choose the format. Chair in the corner, next room with the door cracked, or home alone waiting for texts.
2. Meet in public first. Saying yes to drinks doesn't mean yes to the bedroom, and nobody drunk or high can consent, so save the bedroom for a clear head.
3. Agree on the menu, all three of you. Kissing, oral, fucking, condoms every time. What's off stays off.
4. Set signals. A stop word, a pause word, and a non-verbal signal (two taps, a raised hand) for whenever a mouth is busy.
5. Give the cuckold a job. Watch but don't touch? Stay locked until the story's told?
6. Let the anticipation build. The outfit, the last text before the door closes: half the heat happens before anyone undresses.
7. Check in during. A look, a whispered "still good?", a text home. Anyone can stop it, any time.
8. Reconnect after. The bull heads home and you two come back together: the telling, the kissing, the reconnection sex. Talk again tomorrow, before any second date.

Cuckolding in a modern marriage

Married? Keep the marriage first and the kink second:

• The couple outranks the bull. Either of you can veto anyone or anything, no explanation owed.
• Check-ins go on the calendar, after every date and in the quiet months.
• Privacy is joint: who knows, what gets photographed, what never leaves your phones.
• Keep fucking each other. Dates with the bull are a spice, not the meal.

Talk first: consent, ground rules and the bull

How to bring it up

Pick a quiet, clothed moment and start with curiosity, not a plan:

• "I've got a fantasy that's a bit intense. Can I tell you about it?"
• "What would you think if I said I'd love to watch you with someone else?"

Too much face to face? Take the Kink Test together: a couples match only shows the kinks you both said yes to. Prefer paper? The printable Yes No Maybe List is a checklist for partners.

Then hold every yes to Planned Parenthood's FRIES test: freely given, reversible, informed, enthusiastic and specific. That covers all three people, and the most hesitant one sets the pace.

Cuckold rules worth agreeing on

Write these down; a shared note beats a 1 a.m. memory.

Rule	What to settle
Veto and pause	Either of you can veto or pause anything, no reason needed
Who and how	Friends, strangers or lifestyle apps and sites; where you first meet
The menu	Kissing, oral, sex, anal, overnights; what's off
Protection	Condoms every time, recent tests from everyone, birth control
The cuckold's role	Away, hears it later, listens next door, watches, joins or stays locked
Photos and texts	Any at all, who sees them, when they're deleted
Privacy	Who knows; nothing showing a face, tattoo or name ever gets posted
Alcohol	Nobody plays drunk or high
Signals	Stop word, pause word, non-verbal signal
Aftercare	Where you reconnect; the next-day check-in
Broken rules	Stop, talk it through before any next date, retest if protection slipped

If a cuckold breaks the rules, or anyone does, it's a pause, not a punishment. A broken rule you can talk about is fixable. One that keeps breaking is an answer.

Choosing a bull, and treating them right

The bull is a person, not a prop. A good one:

• Says yes for themselves, with limits that count as much as yours, and can stop too.
• Gets tested and wears condoms without being asked twice.
• Respects you both, and mocks the cuckold only inside the agreed script.
• Has real chemistry with the partner who plays.
• Stays discreet. No names, no photos, no bragging.

Find one through friends or lifestyle apps and sites, meet in public first, and walk away from anyone who pushes past a no.

When it isn't consent

Cheating relabeled as cuckolding isn't cuckolding. Neither is sulking, threatening or pushing until someone gives in. Between them, the US Office on Women's Health and the National Domestic Violence Hotline list extreme jealousy, constant monitoring, pressure into sex acts, and assuming a past yes means yes forever as warning signs of abuse. Recognize any of that? Call 800-799-7233, text START to 88788, or call 911 if you're in danger.

Humiliation, power and chastity, if you want them

Humiliation is a flavor of cuckolding, not a requirement. Some cuckolds love being teased; others want only tenderness.

If humiliation is on your menu, script it: the exact words that are hot, the topics that are off-limits, and a stop word that ends it instantly. Keep it about the power (who watches, who waits, who gets touched), never about bodies or real insecurities. "Sit in that chair and don't move" or "you'll get me when he's done" can land as hot.

Praise works just as well: "you're so good to me for this." Our guide to praise in a D/s dynamic has more. When the partner who plays also runs the show, she's the cuckoldress, and Femdom 101 covers that side. After any humiliation scene, do aftercare every time.

Chastity and denial in cuckold play

Some cuckolds stay locked while their partner plays: a chastity cage on your cock at home, the key on the date, and nobody comes until the keyholder says so. That's orgasm denial with extra heat. Our male chastity and orgasm denial guide covers fit and play; two cages are below.

Plain caution, from us: no medical authority has published a safe wear time for chastity cages, so we won't print one. Begin with short stints at home. Keep a spare key the wearer can reach without waiting for anyone, even while the keyholder is out on a date. Unlock right away at any numbness, tingling, swelling, pain or color change.

Head to the ER if a stuck cage or ring comes with swelling, if an erection is still there after 3 to 4 hours, if a foreskin gets trapped behind the head and swells, or if a testicle suddenly hurts badly. In one hospital's 27 cases of rings and other objects stuck on the penis, people waited almost a day on average, and the doctors name shame as a main reason for the wait (International Brazilian Journal of Urology, 2019). Don't wait, and if numbness or pain lingers once it's off, talk to your doctor.

Jealousy, compersion and aftercare

Jealousy will probably show up, even if you love this. Treat it as information: name it, say what set it off, and decide together whether it was the hot kind (jealousy play, a sting that turns into want) or the hurting kind, which means slow down.

Compersion, sometimes described as the opposite of jealousy, means getting a glow from your partner's pleasure with someone else. Luke Brunning, a philosopher, argues it centers on their flourishing, not your sting (Journal of the American Philosophical Association, 2020), so the warm glow and the thrill of humiliation are separate pleasures. Enjoy one, both or neither.

Research on open and polyamorous relationships (not cuckolding) adds two clues. A 2024 study of 255 people recruited from non-monogamy and alt-sex communities found compersion ran higher in people who felt close to their metamour (their partner's other lover) and were better informed about that relationship, and lower in people prone to jealousy, envy or attachment anxiety. A 2024 Polish study found more compersion and less jealousy in non-monogamous people than monogamous ones, with compersion linked to happier relationships through lower jealousy (both Archives of Sexual Behavior). Getting to know the bull may help some couples, but nobody has tested that in cuckold couples.

Aftercare and the drop

Plan the reconnection before the date: skin, water, food, and the story told the way the cuckold wants to hear it. Then a real check-in the next day.

There's even a name for the crash, a "drop": a low that can arrive as a scene ends or several days later, sometimes as much as a week, bringing guilt, sadness, exhaustion or anxiety (Journal of Positive Sexuality, 2016). It can hit either of you. It hasn't been properly studied, so plan check-ins for the next few days instead of assuming you're fine.

If it stops being hot

• Step down a rung and stay there with no deadline.
• Change one thing: the bull, the format or the gap between dates.
• Get outside help from a kink-aware sex therapist, or go back to pure fantasy. Neither is failing.

Is cuckolding good for a relationship?

It depends on the couple. In the 2018 study, gay men who'd acted on the fantasy tended to report positive experiences, depending on personality and attachment style. A 2025 meta-analysis pooling 35 studies (more than 24,000 people) found monogamous and consensually non-monogamous people equally satisfied with their relationships and their sex lives (The Journal of Sex Research), while a nationally representative 2012 US survey found the 4% in open relationships reporting somewhat lower relationship happiness and sexual satisfaction than monogamous people (Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2018). Neither of those last two looked at cuckolding itself.

Safer sex when your partner sleeps with someone else

Cuckolding adds a person to your sexual network, so the CDC's prevention basics apply to all three of you, the bull included: get tested and share results before anyone has sex, use condoms correctly every time, and ask a clinician about hepatitis B and HPV vaccination. The CDC's testing schedule:

Who	What to test for	How often
Every adult	HIV	At least once
Women younger than 25 who have sex	Chlamydia and gonorrhea	Yearly
Women 25 or older with a new partner, several partners, or a partner with an STI	Chlamydia and gonorrhea	Yearly
Men who have sex with men, if they have several or anonymous partners	HIV and other STIs	More often, such as every 3 to 6 months
Anyone having oral or anal sex	Throat and rectal testing	Ask your provider

• Condoms with the bull, every time, and water-based or silicone lube, never oil: the CDC says baby oil, lotion, petroleum jelly and other oil-based products cause condoms to break. JO H2O fits that rule: it's water-based, and its listing calls it latex-condom safe.
• A fresh condom for every change. NYC's health department says a new one goes on whenever someone switches partners, and whenever you move between oral, anal and vaginal sex.
• Oral counts. Oral sex can pass on gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, herpes and HPV, the CDC says, while the HIV risk from oral sex is little to none. That includes going down on your partner right after the bull.
• PrEP. Ask a doctor about PrEP if HIV is a possibility for any of you.
• Pregnancy. If the partner who plays can get pregnant, add birth control. If a condom breaks, Planned Parenthood says you have up to 5 days for emergency contraception, and the sooner the better: Plan B-type pills need no prescription, and an IUD inserted within those 5 days is the most effective choice.
• Stealthing is assault. Removing a condom without a clear yes is sexual assault, whoever does it, and California law lets the other person sue for sexual battery.
• Photos need everyone's yes, the bull's included (filming yourselves). A 2025 federal law, the TAKE IT DOWN Act, makes it a crime to knowingly publish someone's intimate images without their consent, and saying yes to a photo isn't saying yes to publishing it. Platforms must pull such images within 48 hours of a valid request.

Symptoms, or a partner who tested positive? Get tested, talk to your doctor, and let your partners know so everyone can get treated.

Toys and gear for cuckold play

You don't need gear for cuckolding, but the right piece keeps the partner at home in the scene: locked, buzzing or holding the remote.

Pick	Best for	Price
Caged Cougar	Staying locked while your partner plays	$141.95
Entrapment Deluxe	Stricter, short denial sessions	$185.95
Lovense Diamo	Letting the date control your pleasure from an app	$118.95
Dr. Grey	Fantasy nights with a stand-in bull	$106.95
JO H2O	Condom-friendly glide	from $12.95

1. Caged Cougar: stay locked while they play

The lead pick for denial-flavored cuckolding: a locking stainless steel cage with a cougar-head design, a cum-thru tip, three ring sizes for a secure fit and two keys (the keyholder gets one, you keep the spare). It's nickel-free and works with any lube. Toy cleaner or isopropyl alcohol keeps it clean.

Your partner heads out with a key, you stay home locked, and every text from the date lands differently. Plain caution: start short, keep the spare within your own reach, and unlock at any numbness, tingling, swelling or color change. $141.95.

Get the Caged Cougar here.

2. Entrapment Deluxe: the stricter cage

The stricter option, in nickel-free stainless steel: two scrotal rings in two sizes, a ventilated ball ring, two keys and two interchangeable caps. The closed cap, per its listing, fully prevents the wearer from peeing, coming or getting any stimulation, so it's for short sessions only. With the cum-thru cap the wearer can still pee while locked, and with no cap at all, the tip stays exposed for teasing. Any lube works, and the same plain caution applies. $185.95.

Get the Entrapment Deluxe here.

3. Lovense Diamo: let the date drive

Here the cuckold wears the ring at home, and the partner out on the date, or the bull, runs it. It's an app-controlled vibrating cock ring whose motor sits against the perineum (between the balls and the ass), and its listing says a partner can control it by phone from near or far. It's rated IPX7 (submersible) and gives 2.5 to 3 hours of use per USB charge. The game: they buzz you whenever the date gets interesting, and you don't finish until they're home. $118.95.

Get the Lovense Diamo here.

4. Dr. Grey: the stand-in bull

For keeping it a fantasy: a realistic dildo that thrusts, vibrates and gyrates, with 50 settings (5 speeds, each with 10 patterns). The included wireless remote is the point: your partner rides the "bull" while the cuckold decides how hard it fucks them. Its suction cup grips most flat surfaces if they're clean, and it's harness compatible. It's silicone, so use water-based lube, and splashproof, so no baths. USB rechargeable. $106.95.

Get the Dr. Grey here.

5. JO H2O: the condom-friendly lube

Keep this next to the condoms. Its listing calls it water-based, latex-condom safe and suited to every toy material, silicone included, with a long-lasting, silky glide that rinses off easily and doesn't get sticky. From $12.95, in four bottle sizes.

Get the JO H2O here.

Keep it a fantasy

No third person required: dirty talk about a made-up bull, stories read aloud in bed, role play with the Dr. Grey as the bull and the cuckold on the remote, or watching porn together that fits the fantasy.

More to browse: app-controlled and long-distance toys, BDSM and bondage gear, and our guides to the best app-controlled vibrators and best thrusting dildos.

Cuckold FAQ

What is a cuckold?

A cuckold is aroused by a partner having sex with someone else, and everyone involved consents. Some watch; others hear every detail afterward. The word once meant a husband whose wife cheated, but in today's kink nobody is deceived, and cuckolds can be any gender.

What does cuckolding mean in a relationship?

It means both partners agree that one will have sex with someone else while the other gets off on watching, listening or hearing about it later. The bull agrees too. Some couples act it out; others keep it to dirty talk and fantasy, and both count.

What is a cuckquean?

A cuckquean is the female version of a cuckold: a woman turned on by her partner having sex with someone else, usually another woman. The practice is called cuckqueaning. The dictionary meaning is a wife whose husband is unfaithful, in print since the 1500s.

Hotwife vs cuckold: what's the difference?

A hotwife is the woman who has sex with others; a cuckold is the partner who gets off on it. Hotwifing usually centers on her freedom and her partner's pride, cuckolding on the cuckold's own thrill, which can include jealousy or denial. Our hotwife guide covers her side.

What is a bull in cuckolding?

The bull is the third person who has sex with the cuckold's partner, and can be any gender. A good bull gets tested, wears condoms without argument, respects both partners and stays discreet. Their consent matters as much as the couple's, and they can stop anytime.

Why do some men want to be cuckolded?

Because watching or hearing about their partner's pleasure turns them on. The usual draws are voyeurism, compersion, jealousy that flips into heat, the thrill of a taboo, and the surrender of giving up control. Women and nonbinary people have these fantasies too.

Is cuckolding cheating?

No. Cuckolding isn't cheating when everyone involved has said yes: both partners and the bull. Cheating means breaking an agreement in secret, which is what the word originally described. If one partner is pressured or deceived, it isn't cuckolding anymore, whatever you call it.

How common is the cuckold fantasy?

Pretty common. Sex researcher Justin Lehmiller surveyed 4,175 Americans: 52% of straight men had fantasized about watching a partner with someone else, as had 26% of straight women, and 40% of straight women had fantasized about being watched. It wasn't peer-reviewed, but it's the most detailed data anyone has.

Where does the word cuckold come from?

It comes from the Middle English cokewold, and Merriam-Webster puts the word's first known use in the 13th century. The Online Etymology Dictionary connects it to Old French cocu, meaning cuckoo, a bird that leaves its eggs in other birds' nests. For centuries it was simply an insult for a man whose wife was unfaithful.

What is a reverse cuckold?

Reverse cuckold is loose, informal slang with no dictionary entry. Usually it means the roles flipped: a man has sex with someone else while his female partner watches or hears about it, which is really cuckqueaning. People use it differently, so ask what your partner means.

Does cuckolding have to involve humiliation?

No, humiliation is optional. Some cuckolds love being teased, others want warmth, and praise works just as well. If you want humiliation, negotiate the exact words beforehand, keep it away from bodies and real insecurities, use a stop word, and do aftercare every time.

How do I bring up cuckolding with my partner?

Bring it up calmly, outside the bedroom, as a fantasy rather than a plan: "I've got a fantasy I'd love to share. Can I tell you?" Then listen. Taking the Kink Test together helps, since a couples match only shows shared yeses. Start with dirty talk, not a date.

Is cuckolding healthy for a relationship?

It depends on the couple. In the one peer-reviewed study, gay men who acted on cuckolding fantasies tended to report positive experiences, depending on personality and attachment style. Research on non-monogamy is mixed: a 2025 review found no satisfaction difference, while a 2012 US survey found somewhat lower happiness in open relationships.

How do you stay safe when cuckolding?

You stay safe with testing, condoms and clear consent. Everyone shares recent STI results, the bull wears a condom every time, and a new condom goes on for each partner and each switch between oral, anal and vaginal sex. Nobody plays drunk or high, and nobody gets photographed without a clear yes.

What does cuck mean?

Cuck is short for cuckold. In the bedroom it's a fond or teasing name for the partner who watches. Online it became an insult: the Online Etymology Dictionary says the short form started in online erotica and had become a political insult by 2017.

The takeaway

Cuckolding works when consent leads, the relationship leads, and you climb one rung at a time with the bull's yes in the picture too. Start with the story and keep checking in. Next, explore hotwifing and stag and vixen and open relationships in our Kink List, or browse our toys for couples and plan your first rung.

Every order ships discreetly from the US, free over $75.

Maya Sterling, AdultLuxe editorial. Read our editorial standards.